Half of the the upper chamber of the Algerian parliament will be renewed on this 29th of December. The upper chamber was created after the November 1996 constitution. Its aim is to balance the popularly elected lower chamber, acting as a collective of “wise” senators who would champion human rights and rigorously counter any abusive appeal to popular opinion by the lower chamber, i.e in the style of the UK’s House of Lords.
In practice both chambers are tightly controlled by men who are loyal to the President. The upper chamber routinely rubber stamps any laws the lower chamber passes. Its president, Abdelkader Bensalah, is a staunch believer in the president’s program. When he was president of the lower chamber, he has been known to try and squash any sign of oppositions laws. The presidential third is used to reward personalities of all types with little regard for expertise, intellectuality or diversity. The President is in a position to offer some seats to win support and neutralise potential opposing voices – most lately the president is rumoured to have offered Djamila Bouhired a senate seat, and he might well do that to counter the criticism that her letters have garnered. In the letters she complained that representatives are paid way and beyond any veteran or John Doe Algerian is paid.
Constitutionally, the upper chamber has 144 members, one third is directly appointed by the president, and two-thirds (2 x 48) are elected by an electoral college formed by elected officials at the provincial and mayoral levels. Each province is represented by two senators. Half of each of these two sections of the senate is renewed every three years, i.e. half of the presidential third, and one senator of each province.
The senate mirrors the results of the previous national provincial and mayoral elections. This has the effect of rendering the senatorial renewal the most dull and totally predictable of the already predictable Algerian elections. Parties have some wiggle room to form alliances and vote for each other’s candidates but that has never caused a major upset.
This year, only five parties are seriously contending for the senate in four fronts. The five parties are the historical now mercurial FLN, the (Secularist? Capitalist? Opportunist?) RND, the islamically inspired MSP, the nationalist FNA and the Trotskyist Workers’ Party (PT). Louiza Hanoune’s Workers’ Party has pledged its votes for the RND in a bizarre alliance. The presidential alliance triangle (FLN-RND-MSP) are not running together. Only the FLN and the RND stand any real chance of winning a substantial number of senate seats. The FLN stands to win a majority since it won a large proportion of the last provincial/mayoral elections. The MSP, as usual, just hopes for the president to award two or three senate seats from the presidential third for their loyal support within the presidential alliance. Four of their elected senators are up for re-election, and it remains to be seen if they’ll be able to get them back by doing behind the scene deals with either the FLN or the RND.
The FFS under the historical Hocine Ait Ahmed and the RCD are boycotting the elections, a position they took since Bouteflika’s ascent to power. Ennahda/ElIslah, two islamic parties that were once one do not stand any chance of winning. They both suffered internal struggles because of government meddling and the inflexibility of Abdellah Djabellah, their leader at one point. Both parties have now been in effect successfully obsoleted.
The RND-PT alliance has created a handful of hotly contested seats against the FLN, notably in Skikda (historically Islamically inspired and the city of origin of Djaballah’s movement), and El-Tarf (usually FLN controlled). The absence of any substantial differences in the policies of RND’s and FLN’s senators make these electoral fights largely decorative. The RND-PT alliance is bizarre because it joins a Trotskyist party with the RND under Ahmed Ouyahya, a man who always stood for privatisation and less rights for workers and who always infuriated both the PT and the union organisations in the past.
The RND-PT alliance is yet another major set back for opposition forces. It appears that Louiza Hanoune is trying to get under the umbrella of the government should any major shakeup of the cabinet occur. One notices that the political sphere, with the major political forces all under Bouteflik’a sphere of power closely resembles the homogeneity of Boumediene’s era, in which the FLN played the role of the one big party under which multiple currents coexisted and shared power. The immediate logical question to such a setup is the question of succession.
Consitutional reforms to combat this concentration of power are badly needed. While it is true that virtually no amount of textual laws can prevent a dull political scene, some steps can help mitigate its effects and encourage a more lively debate. A six months obligatory rotation of the presidency of the two chambers among the top represented parties will empower the small opposition. This will create a rotation of six presidencies over three years, and that will be hard to control as it is not easy to manipulate election results to create a senate or a congress where the top six forces are pro government. The presidential third should be abolished, and the number of elected senators should be doubled to make it possible for parties that have relatively few provincial/mayoral representatives to win seats.
One would argue that after Bouteflika’s partial success at relinquishing control from the military, he should actively try to create a political scene in which power can be rotated among parties. It is only when that happens that Algeria’s claim at being a democratic state will have any legitimacy.
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December 28, 2009 at 20:06
Kal
Great post! any links to stories on Skikda and Tarf?
The PT has been pretty terrifically co-opted for the past few years. The alliance reminds me of when the MSP was hot and bothered about the revisions to family code…but then voted in favor of the amendments in parliament.
There was a Spanish political scientist (Linz, forgetting his first name) who wrote about how authoritarian elites stabilize themselves by integrating new/marginal elites into their systems, sapping them of their popular force and appeal but keeping the appearance of political participation. This helps to create a false image of a “government v opposition” dynamic within the regime, when in reality the “opposition” simply serves to re-enforce the authoritarian elite’s hold on power. I came across a paper by an Algerian writer using that framework to analyze the MSP when they joined the triple alliance. A similar analysis needs to be done on the PT, especially since so little is written on them in macropolitical writing on Algeria. I’m working on a post on that now.
RE: Constitutional reforms; One of the big problems in Algeria is how weakly institutionalized constitutionalism is. If one were to legislate provisions to firmly separate executive and legislative and judicial power, it might be likely that a counter revision would be proposed. The elite views the constitution not as a base line for political activity and the rule of law but as an instrument of its own power. The current set up is after all designed exactly to undermine the lower house of parliament by giving the executive veto power over….everything. The Senate idea was made to control the lower house, which Zeroual, et al. feared would become a bastion of oppositional forces and undermine the executive. Which makes the House of Lords comparison so apt, because even though Britain is a monarchy — and the HoL was made to give the monarchy power over the Commons — Algeria’s legislature still resembles a that tradition rather than republic models where the upper house is meant to regulate the lower house within the legislative branch (an internal check/balance) rather than a means for the executive controlling the legislature.
December 30, 2009 at 00:13
Houwari
Thanks for the comment Kal.
Stories on Tarf and Skikda: on searching my feeds I found this and this. My uncle tells me that the ElTarf race is particularly nasty with the use of carrots and sticks (threats and money). It became a circus.
You hit the nail on the head with your comment on constitutional reforms. The American founding fathers used human greed and lust for power to create a system that I very much admire: through federal and state levels and within the federal powers they played these instincts against each other to create a system that outlasted their lives. In contrast, Algerian politicians pretend to be democratic and republic yet use the constitution itself to further their own grip on power and create endless problems for later generations.
December 29, 2009 at 08:17
On the PT-RND ‘agreement’ « The Moor Next Door
[...] and the Workers Party. The latter had pledged its support for the latter’s candidates in tomorrow’s senatorial election. The RND is the powerful ruling party formed in alliance with the FLN [...]